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Work-related LBP
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Ergonomic risk factor
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Crude
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Adjusteda
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Fatigue-inducing or painful posture
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None
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(ref)
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(ref)
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Mild
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2.28 (2.04–2.54)*
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1.86 (1.65–2.08)*
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Moderate
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4.71 (4.21–5.28)*
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3.27 (2.89–3.69)*
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Severe
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7.90 (6.97–8.94)*
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5.09 (4.46–5.83)*
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Lifting or moving people
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None
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(ref)
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(ref)
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Mild
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0.90 (0.85–0.95)**
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0.82 (0.77–0.88)*
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Moderate
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0.98 (0.86–1.12)
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0.78 (0.68–0.89)*
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Severe
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2.55 (2.11–3.09)*
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1.98 (1.62–2.42)*
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Dragging, pushing, or moving heavy objects
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None
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(ref)
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(ref)
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Mild
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1.89 (1.76–2.04)*
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1.38 (1.27–1.50)*
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Moderate
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2.68 (2.45–2.93)*
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1.64 (1.49–1.82)*
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Severe
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3.34 (2.94–3.79)*
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2.09 (1.82–2.40)*
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Standing posture
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None
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(ref)
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(ref)
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Mild
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1.45 (1.32–1.60)*
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1.09 (0.98–1.20)
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Moderate
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2.03 (1.84–2.24)*
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1.35 (1.21–1.50)*
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Severe
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2.56 (2.30–2.84)*
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1.79 (1.60–2.01)*
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Repetitive hand or arm movements
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None
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(ref)
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(ref)
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Mild
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1.47 (1.31–1.64)*
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1.23 (1.10–1.38)*
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Moderate
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2.35 (2.11–2.62)*
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1.69 (1.51–1.90)*
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Severe
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3.08 (2.76–3.44)*
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2.04 (1.82–2.30)*
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- Abbreviations: LBP lower back pain
- Data presented as odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals
- aAdjusted for sex, age, occupational type, employment status, working hours, shift work, number of employees, education, income, rest during work time, and vibration exposure
- *p-value < 0.001
- **p-value < 0.05
